Glaucoma Causes and Types
The eye is filled with fluid that is constantly produced and drains to maintain proper pressure inside the eyeball. When drainage decreases, pressure begins to build up, which can damage the optic nerve. There are two main types of glaucoma: primary open-angle and angle-closure. Primary open-angle glaucoma, the most common type, results from poor drainage. Angle-closure glaucoma occurs when the iris physically blocks the drainage system. The latter can develop suddenly and is considered an eye emergency.
Symptoms of Glaucoma
Primary open-angle glaucoma typically occurs very gradually. Many people are unaware of the condition until the eyesight is permanently damaged. Angle-closure can happen in a matter of hours and causes acute symptoms. Among the symptoms in both cases are:
- Blurry vision
- Severe eye pain or headache
- Blind spots in the peripheral vision
- Nausea, vomiting, and rainbow-colored rings or halos around lights (during an acute attack)
Risk Factors for Glaucoma
Like many medical conditions, some individuals are at higher risk for glaucoma than others. Those with higher-than-normal eye pressure but no signs of damage (ocular hypertension) are often referred to as "glaucoma suspects." Additional risk factors include being over the age of 40, having a family history of glaucoma, and having African, Asian, or Hispanic heritage. Eye injuries, farsightedness, nearsightedness, thin corneas, and thin optic nerves also increase the risk, as do conditions like diabetes, migraines, high blood pressure, and poor circulation.
Optometry Treatment for Glaucoma
Regular use of certain eye drops can help normalize eye pressure and prevent glaucoma. These include alpha agonists, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, miotics, and prostaglandin analogs. These medications work by either reducing fluid production in the eye or promoting better drainage. In some cases, laser surgery may be used to improve drainage, and it can also be employed during an acute glaucoma attack.